苏云金芽孢杆菌的cry2A芽孢期启动子和分子伴侣ORF1-ORF2对Cry11Aa蛋白表达的影响

[目的]分析苏云金芽孢杆菌的cry2A型芽孢期启动子对晶体蛋白Cry11Aa的协调作用和分子伴侣ORF1-ORF2对Cry11Aa表达的促进功能.[方法]3个包括cry11Aa编码区的重组质粒pHcy1、pHcy2和pHcy4被构建并电激转化到苏云金芽孢杆菌晶体缺陷株4Q7中,其中pHcy1质粒携带cry11Aa基因自身启动子和分子伴侣p19基因,pHcy2携带cry2A型芽孢期启动子和分子伴侣orf1-orf2基因,pHcy4质粒在pHcy1的上游插入了cry2A型芽孢期启动子和分子伴侣orf1-orf2基因.SDS-PAGE分析了Cry11Aa蛋白在各重组苏云金菌株中的表达情况,并通过生物测定确定了其对蚊虫的生物活性.[结果]SDS-PAGE结果表明,Cry11Aa蛋白在4Q7(pHcy1)和4QT(pHcy4)均获得了表达,在4Q7(pHcy2)中未检测到Cry11Aa蛋白,推测晶体蛋白Cry11A不能利用cry2A型启动子进行表达调控;Cry11Aa蛋白在等体积4Q7(pHcy4)培养液中的表达量是4Q7(pHcy1)菌株的1.25倍,暗示着分子伴侣ORF1-ORF2在某种程度上能提高Cry11Aa的蛋白表达量.4Q7(pHcy1)和4Q7(pHcy4)形成的Cry11Aa蛋白晶体的形状和大小相似,两者对致倦库蚊的生物活性没有明显差异,LC50s分别为59.33 ng/mL和66.21 ng/mL,.[结论]推测晶体蛋白Cry11A能否成功表达与其使用启动子的类型和两者的协调配合有关.分子伴侣ORF1-ORF2虽然在某种程度上能提高Cry11Aa的蛋白表达量,但对提高Cry11Aa蛋白的杀蚊毒力没有显著性帮助.     

放线菌药物资源开发面临的问题与对策

放线菌药物的开发已取得了极其辉煌的成就, 对医疗事业的发展和人类健康做出了重大贡献。然而, 随着放线菌药物资源的长期开发和利用, 也面临诸多问题。如: 包袱沉重, 去重复难度极大, 因而投资周期长、耗资巨, 风险大; 药物开发赶不上病原菌抗药性的增加及不断出现的新疾病; 虽然未知放线菌甚多, 但发现难度大。为此, 提出了从化学、菌种和基因三方面开展放线菌药物研究的应对策略, 以解决限制放线菌药物资源持续利用和发展的瓶颈。     

Current perspectives in pulmonary surfactant — Inhibition, enhancement and evaluation

Pulmonary surfactant (PS) is a complicated mixture of approximately 90% lipids and 10% proteins. It plays an important role in maintaining normal respiratory mechanics by reducing alveolar surface tension to near-zero values. Supplementing exogenous surfactant to newborns suffering from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), a leading cause of perinatal mortality, has completely altered neonatal care in industrialized countries. Surfactant therapy has also been applied to the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) but with only limited success. Biophysical studies suggest that surfactant inhibition is partially responsible for this unsatisfactory performance. This paper reviews the biophysical properties of functional and dysfunctional PS. The biophysical properties of PS are further limited to surface activity, i.e., properties related to highly dynamic and very low surface tensions. Three main perspectives are reviewed. (1) How does PS permit both rapid adsorption and the ability to reach very low surface tensions? (2) How is PS inactivated by different inhibitory substances and how can this inhibition be counteracted? A recent research focus of using water-soluble polymers as additives to enhance the surface activity of clinical PS and to overcome inhibition is extensively discussed. (3) Which in vivo, in situ, and in vitro methods are available for evaluating the surface activity of PS and what are their relative merits? A better understanding of the biophysical properties of functional and dysfunctional PS is important for the further development of surfactant therapy, especially for its potential application in ARDS.     

环境因素所致印迹基因改变与子代器官发育

印迹基因是由大约100个基因组成的一类特殊子集,主要以亲本单等位基因的方式表达,对胚胎的生长发育具有重要作用.近年来发现,环境因素所引起的印迹基因表观遗传修饰改变可造成胎儿多脏器发育不良甚至成年后多疾病易感,且存在多代遗传效应.本文基于国内外最新研究进展,总结了印迹基因表达改变对个体发育阶段以及生命后期器官功能的影响,...     

Tecia solanivora infestation increases tuber starch accumulation in Pastusa Suprema potatoes

In response to infestation with larvae of the Guatemalan tuber moth(Tecia solanivora), some Solanum tuberosum(potato) varieties exhibit an overcompensation response, whereby the total dry mass of uninfested tubers is increased. Here, we describe early responses,within the first few days, of T. solanivora feeding, in the Colombian potato variety Pastusa Suprema. Nontargeted metabolite profiling showed significant secondary metabolism changes in T. solanivora-infested tubers,but not in uninfested systemic tubers. In contrast,changes in primary metabolism were greater in uninfested systemic tubers than in the infested tubers, with a notable 80% decline in systemic tuber sucrose levels within 1 d of T. solanivora infestation. This suggested either decreased sucrose transport from the leaves orincreased sink strength, i.e., more rapid sucrose to starch conversion in the tubers. Increased sucrose synthesis was indicated by higher rubisco activase and lower starch synthase gene expression in the leaves of infested plants.Elevated sink strength was demonstrated by 45% more total starch deposition in systemic tubers of T. solanivorainfested plants compared to uninfested control plants.Thus, rather than investing in increased defense of uninfested tubers, Pastusa Suprema promotes deposition of photoassimilates in the form of starch as a response to T. solanivora infestation.     

基于多元回归树的公益林群落结构解析

为揭示不同生境类型下公益林群落物种多样性及优势种种间关系特征, 以临安市公益林125个固定监测样地为研究对象, 利用多元回归树(MRT)进行群落分类, 以物种多样性指数和种间联结系数为指标, 对不同群落类型的结构特征进行探索。结果表明: 临安市公益林125个典型样地可划分为5个类型; 类型I、II、III与类型V的多样性指数之间均无显著差异, 但类型III的多样性指数均最高, 类型IV的物种多样性指数均显著低于其它类型, 海拔是影响群落多样性水平的主要因子。种间联结初步分析显示, 研究区群落中稳定性最高的层片是乔木层, 且毛竹入侵极可能是影响5个类型植物群落稳定性的关键因素。研究结果可为临安市公益林分类经营管理提供理论依据, 同时为区域公益林群落数量结构研究奠定基础。     

类叶升麻(毛茛科)自花传粉机制

毛茛科类叶升麻(Actaea asiatica)有2种开花方式, 一种与同属其它植物相同, 花萼片在开花早期脱落, 花药远离柱头; 而另一种较为特殊, 能使该植物进行自花授粉, 即在花开放前, 花萼从花托上脱离, 但萼片并不张开, 部分雄蕊的花丝伸长, 将花药推入萼片和柱头之间, 收缩的花萼片将开裂的花药压在宽大的柱头上, 进而完成自花授粉。套袋实验结果表明, 类叶升麻自发自交具有很高的结籽率, 不具有孤雌生殖和风媒传粉。繁育系统估测分析结果显示, 类叶升麻自交亲和,为兼性自交的繁育系统。     

IPBES评估报告对全球生物多样性保护的影响——以美国传粉者保护政策为例

作为生物多样性领域首个政府间、多学科、跨领域的综合性科学政策平台, 联合国生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学-政策平台(The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, IPBES)将会对全球生物多样性保护及其他领域产生重要影响。本文通过分析美国传粉者保护政策的制定和实施过程, 获得了生物多样性相关保护政策的制定为科学评估-政府关注-出台限制性政策措施的过程和模式。基于IPBES 2016年发布《传粉者、传粉与粮食生产评估报告》(The Assessment Report on Pollinators, Pollination and Food Production)的事实, 推测IPBES交付品可能促进对新烟碱类农药产业和蜂产品尤其是野生蜂产品交易限制性政策的产生。并进一步分析了IPBES交付品可能在全球以及我国生物多样性保护及其相关领域带来的影响, 比如可能通过促进生物多样性领域的科学评估, 进一步主流化生物多样性保护问题, 促使生物多样性保护成为重要的政治议题。本文旨在为我国建立生物多样性保护的适应性政策提供科学支持。     

不同生境下荒漠植物红砂-珍珠猪毛菜混生根系的垂直分布规律

植物种间相互作用及其对环境胁迫的响应一直是物种共存和生物多样性维持研究的一个热点, 从地下根系入手来探讨混生群落植物种间关系及其对环境胁迫响应的研究少见报道。该文以荒漠草原区(灵武)、典型荒漠区(张掖)和极端荒漠区(酒泉) 3个不同生境条件下单生与混生红砂(Reaumuria soongarica)和珍珠猪毛菜(Salsola passerina)为实验材料, 采用分层取样法对其垂直根系参数进行测定和分析, 探讨了两种植物根系分布对混生及荒漠环境梯度的响应。结果表明: 同一生境条件下, 混生红砂和珍珠猪毛菜比根长和比表面积均高于单生, 说明红砂、珍珠猪毛菜混生后其根系相互作用关系表现为互惠, 促进了植株对土壤养分和水分的吸收。不同生境条件下, 同一生长方式的红砂根系分布深度均大于珍珠猪毛菜, 且根系消弱系数也普遍高于珍珠猪毛菜, 说明二者在不同生境条件下占据不同生态位, 红砂表现为深根性, 根系位于土壤深层, 珍珠猪毛菜表现为浅根性, 根系分布于土壤浅层。随着荒漠环境胁迫增强, 单生和混生红砂与珍珠猪毛菜的比根长和比表面积均呈现出极端荒漠区>典型荒漠区>草原荒漠区的规律, 且生境越干旱, 混生群落根系分离越明显; 单生与混生红砂根系消弱系数也逐渐增大, 在极端干旱区达到最大值, 珍珠猪毛菜变化不大, 表明红砂-珍珠猪毛菜混生群落根系生态位分离随荒漠环境胁迫增强而加大, 验证了环境胁迫梯度假说。可见“地上聚生, 地下分离”的混生方式可能是红砂-珍珠猪毛菜混生群落适应干旱胁迫环境的生长策略。